Agricultural irrigation

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a recurring climatic phenomenon that takes place approximately every 2 to 7 years in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is characterized by alterations in air pressure patterns from east to west. During El Niño events, the typical eastward-blowing equatorial trade winds weaken, leading to shifts in air pressure and wind speed. Consequently, warm surface waters move from the western Pacific eastward toward coastal South America. This leads to a deepening of the thermocline (the point at which sea temperature changes rapidly), which disrupts the normal upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich waters. This disruption can have severe consequences for marine ecosystems and communities reliant on the fishing industry in affected regions.